EBC Exercise 26 Device Drivers Details

Minimal Device Driver Example
Because Linux supports loadable device drivers, it is relatively easy to demonstrate a simple device driver skeleton. Listing 8-1 shows a loadable device driver module that contains the bare minimum structure to be loaded and unloaded by a running kernel.

Listing 8-1. Minimal Device Driver /* Example Minimal Character Device Driver */ static int {   init hello_init(void) printk(KERN_INFO "Hello Example Init\n"); return 0; }
 * 1) include 

static void exit hello_exit(void) {   printk("Hello Example Exit\n"); }

module_init(hello_init); module_exit(hello_exit);

MODULE_AUTHOR("Chris Hallinan"); MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Hello World Example"); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); The skeletal driver shown in Listing 8-1 contains enough structure for the kernel to load and unload the driver and to invoke the initialization and exit routines. Let's look at how this is done, because it illustrates some important high-level concepts that are useful for device driver development.

A device driver is a special kind of binary module. Unlike a stand-alone binary executable application, a device driver cannot simply be executed from a command prompt. The 2.6 kernel series requires that the binary be in a special "kernel object" format. When properly built, the device driver binary module contains a. ko suffix. The build steps and compiler options required to create the. ko module object can be complex. Here we outline a set of steps to harness the power of the Linux kernel build system without requiring you to become an expert in it, which is beyond the scope of this book.

Module Build Infrastructure
A device driver must be compiled against the kernel on which it will execute. Although it is possible to load and execute kernel modules built against a different kernel version, it is risky to do so unless you are certain that the module does not rely on any features of your new kernel. The easiest way to do this is to build the module within the kernel's own source tree. This ensures that as the developer changes the kernel configuration, this custom driver is automatically rebuilt with the correct kernel configuration. It is certainly possible to build your drivers outside the kernel source tree. However, in this case, you are responsible for making sure that your device driver build configuration stays in sync with the kernel you want to run your driver on. This typically includes compiler switches, the location of kernel header files, and kernel configuration options.

For the sample driver introduced in Listing 8-1, the following changes were made to the stock Linux kernel source tree to enable building this sample driver. We'll explain each step in detail:
 * 1) Starting from the top-level Linux source directory, create a directory under   called examples.
 * 2) Add a menu item to the kernel configuration to enable building examples and to specify a built-in or loadable kernel module.
 * 3) Add the new examples subdirectory to the   conditional on the menu item created in step 2.
 * 4) Create a makefile for the new examples directory, and add the   module object to be compiled conditional on the menu item created in step 2.
 * 5) Create the driver   source file from Listing 8-1.

Adding the examples directory under the  subdirectory is self-explanatory. After this directory is created, two files are created in this directory: the module source file itself from Listing 8-1, and the makefile for the examples directory. The makefile for examples is quite trivial. It contains this single line:

obj-$(CONFIG_EXAMPLES) += hellol.o

Adding the menu item to the kernel configuration utility is a little more involved. Listing 8-2 contains a patch that, when applied to the file from a recent Linux release, adds the configuration menu item to enable our examples configuration option. In case you're unfamiliar with the unified diff format, each line in Listing 8-2 preceded by a single plus character ( +) is inserted in the file between the indicated lines (those without the leading +).

Listing 8-2. Kconfig Patch for examples diff --git a/drivers/char/Kconfig b/drivers/char/Kconfig index 6f31c94..0805290 100644 --- a/drivers/char/Kconfig +++ b/drivers/char/Kconfig @@ -4,6 +4,13 @@

menu "Character devices"

+config EXAMPLES +      tristate "Enable Examples" +      default M +       ---help--- +        Enable compilation option for Embedded Linux Primer +        driver examples + config VT       bool "Virtual terminal" if EMBEDDED depends on !S390 When applied to Kconfig in the  subdirectory of a recent Linux kernel, this patch results in a new kernel configuration option called CONFIG_EXAMPLES. As a reminder from our discussion on building the Linux kernel in Chapter 4, "The Linux Kernel: A Different Perspective," the configuration utility is invoked as follows (this example assumes the ARM architecture):

host$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=xscale_be- gconfig

After the configuration utility is invoked using a command similar to this one, our new Enable Examples configuration option appears under the Character devices menu, as indicated in the patch. Because it is defined as type tristate, the kernel developer has three choices:

(N) No. Do not compile examples. (Y) Yes. Compile examples and link with the final kernel image. (M) Module. Compile examples as a dynamically loadable module.

Figure 8-1 shows the resulting gconfig screen with the new configuration option added. A dash(-) in the check box selects module, as indicated in the M column on the right. A check mark in the check box selects yes, indicating that the driver module should be compiled as part of the kernel proper. An empty check box indicates that the option is not selected.

Figure 8-1. Kernel configuration with the examples module

Now that we have added the configuration option to enable compiling our examples device driver module, we need to modify the makeflle In to instruct the build system to descend into our new examples subdirectory If the configuration option CONFIG_EXAMPLES is present in our configuration. Listlng 8-3 contains the patch for this against the makefile in a recent Unux release.

Listing 8-3. Makefile Patch for examples diff --git a/drivers/char/Makefile b/drivers/char/Makefile index f957edf..f1b373d 100644 --- a/drivers/char/Makefile +++ b/drivers/char/Makefile @@ -102,6 +102,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_MWAVE}           += mwave/ obj-$(CONFIG_AGP)              += agp/ obj-$(CONFIG_PCMCIA)           += pcmcia/ obj-$(CONFIG_IPMI_HANDLER)     += ipmi/ +obj-$(CONFIG_EXAMPLES)         += examples/ obj-$(CONFIG_HANGCHECK_TIMER)  += hangcheck-timer.o obj-$(CONFIG_TCG_TPM)          += tpm/

The patch shown in Listing 8-3 adds the single line (preceded by the +) to the makefile found in. The additional lines of context are there so that the patch utility can determine where to insert the new line. Our new examples directory was added to the end of the list of directories already being searched in this makefile, which seemed like a logical place to put it. Other than for consistency and readability, the location is irrelevant.

Having completed the steps in this section, the infrastructure is now in place to build the sample device driver. The beauty of this approach is that the driver is built automatically whenever a kernel build is invoked. As long as the configuration option defined in Listing 8-3 is selected (either M or Y), the driver module is included in the build. Building for an arbitrary ARM system, the command line for building modules might look like this:

host$ make ARCH=arm CROSS COMPILE=xscale be- modules

Listing 8-4 shows the build after a typical editing session on the module (all other modules have already been built in this kernel source tree).

Listing 8-4. Module Build Output $ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=xscale_be- modules CHK     include/linux/version.h make[l]: 'include/asm-arm/mach-types.h' is up to date. CHK    include/linux/utsrelease.h  SYMLINK include/asm -> include/asm-arm CALL   scripts/checksyscalls.sh  CC [M]  drivers/char/examples/hellol.o  Building modules, stage 2. MODPOST 76 modules LD [M] drivers/char/examples/hellol.ko