Difference between revisions of "RPi Tutorial EGHS:LED output"

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m (Circuit 2 - LED Driving Circuit (using Transistor Switching Circuit))
m (Transistor Selection)
Line 86: Line 86:
  
 
====Transistor Selection====
 
====Transistor Selection====
There is a huge range of transistors available, so I will pick a common & cheap one ([http://uk.farnell.com/fairchild-semiconductor/bc548/transistor-npn-to-92/dp/1467872 BC548]) and see how well it suits.
+
There is a huge range of transistors available, so I will pick a common & cheap one ([http://uk.farnell.com/fairchild-semiconductor/bc548/transistor-npn-to-92/dp/1467872 BC548] or [http://uk.farnell.com/multicomp/bc108/transistor-npn-to-18/dp/9206736 BC108]) and see how well it suits.
  
 
The key characteristics of interest are:
 
The key characteristics of interest are:
  
maximum collector current Ic(max) : 100mA
+
maximum collector current Ic(max) : 100mA [BC548], 200mA [BC108]
  
 
minimum current gain hFE(min) : 110
 
minimum current gain hFE(min) : 110
Line 97: Line 97:
 
  hFE(min) > 5 x (Iload/Iinput)
 
  hFE(min) > 5 x (Iload/Iinput)
 
  We assume we want to draw a very low current from the RPi GPIO,  
 
  We assume we want to draw a very low current from the RPi GPIO,  
  so even with an hFE=110 and drawing only 2mA we can drive 44mA.
+
  so even with an hFE=110 and drawing only 5mA we can drive 110mA
 +
(over BC548's Ic(max) limit anyway).
  
 +
The current transistor's I have available at the moment is ([http://uk.farnell.com/diodes-inc/ztx653/transistor-npn-e-line/dp/9525580 ZTX 653]):
 +
maximum collector current Ic(max) : 2A
 +
minimum current gain hFE(min) : 100
 +
 +
The use of a transistor allows the bulk of the driving current to pass through the transistor to ground, with only a small switching current required to be driven from the GPIO pin.
 +
 +
Even transistors have a limited amount of current handling ability, which can be improved by coupling together as a [http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm#darlington Darlington pair] (often available in a single package).  Also higher powered switches such as mosfets, and even relays can be driven for higher power requirements.
 +
 +
=====Calculating Resistors=====
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
 
  Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  --- NOTE ---
  
The value of R1 is similar to before, but since the driving voltage is higher, the same resister will allow more current, thus the LED will be brighter. When the transistor is on the voltage drop is minimal VCE(sat)(90-200mV), so we will just consider the LED voltage drop.
+
The value of R1 is similar to before, but since the driving voltage is higher, the same resister will allow more current, thus the LED will be brighter (unless we use a larger resistor).
 +
 
 +
When the transistor is on the voltage drop is minimal VCE(sat)(90-200mV), so we will just consider the LED voltage drop.
 +
 
 
  Vcc = 5V
 
  Vcc = 5V
 
  Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
 
  Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
Line 109: Line 122:
 
  R1 = (Vcc – Vled)/Iled
 
  R1 = (Vcc – Vled)/Iled
 
     = (5 - 2)/0.005
 
     = (5 - 2)/0.005
   = 600ohms
+
   = 600ohms (so 560ohm or 680ohm will probably be fine)
 +
 
 +
 
  
  
The use of a transistor allows the bulk of the driving current to pass through the transistor to ground, with only a small switching current required to be driven from the GPIO pin.
 
  
Require VBE(on) 700mV on the base, to switch on the transistor, with hFE 110, only 1mA is required to allow the maximum current (100mA) through the transistor.
+
The value of R2 '''unlabled!!!'''can be determined, as follows:
The value of R2 '''unlabled!!!''' is determined by this switching current, as follows:
 
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
 
  Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
 
  --- NOTE ---
 
  --- NOTE ---
 +
There seems to be two possible ways to approach this, one is to work out your required driving current through the collector (Ic) i.e. the driving current of the LED, and the other is to determine it's value from the recommended source current of the GPIO pin (for the RPi, 5mA or less is recommended).
 +
 +
The latter makes most sense to me, but will try both and see how they compare.
 +
 +
Determined by Collector Ic:
 
  Vc = 3.3V
 
  Vc = 3.3V
 
  hFE = 110
 
  hFE = 110
Line 126: Line 144:
 
     = 726ohms
 
     = 726ohms
  
 +
Although, since we don't need 100mA this resistor can probably be far larger.
  
Although, since we don't need 100mA this resistor can probably be far larger.
 
  
Even transistors have a limited amount of current handling ability, which can be improved by coupling together as a [http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm#darlington Darlington pair] (often available in a single package). Also higher powered switches such as mosfets, and even relays can be driven for higher power requirements.
+
Most transistors, require (Vbe) Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage to be around 700mV on the base, to fully switch on the transistor.
 +
 
 +
Determined by GPIO source current:
 +
Vc = 3.3V
 +
Iout = 5mA = 0.005
 +
Vbe Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage = 0.7V
 +
R2 = (Vc - Vbe) / Iout
 +
    = (3.3 - 0.7) / (0.005)
 +
    = 520ohms
 +
(For reference, if a Darlington pair was used, Vbe would be 1.4V (effectively driving two transistors, so R2 would be 380ohms)).
 +
 
 +
We can test our calculated values by using a simple prototype circuit, and compare an LED driven directly and through the transistor.
  
 
==The Software==
 
==The Software==

Revision as of 02:14, 22 February 2012

Back to the Hub, or the Tutorials page.


GPIO Hardware & Software Tutorials:

Warnings

While most of these circuits may interface directly to the RPi, the use of a buffered interface (such as the one supplied by the Gertboard) is recommended which will help protect against damage. Alternatively, experiment with one of the Alternative Test Platforms.


Extreme caution should be exercised when interfacing hardware at a low level, you may damage your RPi, your equipment and potentially yourself and others. Doing so is at your own risk!

Aims

The purpose of this guide is to enable control of an LED via the GPIO pins of the RPi.

This is the embedded version of writing a program to display "Hello World" and is the first step in getting started.

The first stage will be to build the hardware we are going to use, and then we shall look at the software which will drive it.

Note:
Until RPi devices are available, I can not confirm this will work on a real RPi.
For now, I shall be using the TI LaunchPad (see  Alternative Test Platforms
for details) to test the hardware on (as it is cheap and the logic levels similar).

The Hardware

Theory

This is only a brief and rough overview, since the basics are covered in a lot more detail in many other places (see below).

The GPIO pins on the RPi when defined as an Output is able to cause the voltage on the pin to go HIGH (source) or LOW (sink). This allows signals to be sent to other processors and devices like LEDs. However it is important to remember that the pin will only be able to Source or Sink very small currents, so higher powered devices (such as motors) can not be driven directly from a GPIO pin.

NOTE:
Depending on the specification of the RPi GPIO pins, the current SOURCE ability may be better,
than the SINK (or vice-a-versa).
i.e. If the RPi is able to SINK more current than it can SOURCE, then any driving circuit should
     be between the RPi 3.3V pin and the GPIO pin (rather than GPIO pin and GND).

For additional detail see [Introduction To Embedded Programming - GPIO Output]

Circuit 1 - Basic LED Driving Circuit

Basic LED Output Circuit 1

The resistor R1 is used to limit the current going through the LED (which has hardly any resistance), without the resistor, the LED will draw as much current as it can until it burns out (or burns out your GPIO pin).

The value you select for R1 will depend on the current required by the LED (upto 20mA depending on the LED used - check the datasheet) and the source current limit of the GPIO (launchpad is ~20mA), the RPi has a 50mA limit for the 3.3V supply line.

We also need to know the forward voltage required by the LED to light, typically around 2V-3.5V depending on colour[1].

Finally, the output voltage of the RPi (and LaunchPad) GPIO is 3.3V output level.




Vout = 3.3V
Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
Iled = 5mA = 0.005A
R1 = (Vout – Vled)/Iled
   = (3.3 - 2)/0.005
   = 260ohms (so 270ohms is closest preferred value)


If in doubt, use a bigger resistor (=less current & less brightness) and test if good enough by connecting across the 3.3V and ground pins (if you are just experimenting you are unlikely to need LEDs shining at their full brightness anyway).

For instance, one of my test circuits uses 470ohms (which only gives 2.7mA on 3.3V, but the same
circuit can be connected to a 12V supply without blowing the LED - rated @20mA).

Basic LEDx8 Test Module

Basic LEDx8 Test Module (Control pins at top, GND connection at bottom-right).

Basic LEDx8 Test Module
Circuit with track breaks marked in red



The above test module has been built to allow easy testing of GPIO outputs by driving up to 8 LEDs. The resistor value 330 ohms is used (keeps the current draw fairly low).


Circuit 2 - LED Driving Circuit (using Transistor Switching Circuit)

Higher Power LED Driving Circuit
--- NOTE ---
This section is rough outline of ideas at the moment
--- NOTE ---


For more detailed information about basic transistor circuits, some useful information is here (The Electronics Club:Transistor Circuits).

In order to drive a slightly higher current, the use of a transistor circuit will be required. Since all the driving current will be drawn through Vcc and through the transistor, the RPi 5volt line can be used for Vcc (this will limit the available current to 1Amp total draw from the USB supply itself - including the RPi draw). The current limit will the nominal current the transistor can handle.


Transistor Selection

There is a huge range of transistors available, so I will pick a common & cheap one (BC548 or BC108) and see how well it suits.

The key characteristics of interest are:

maximum collector current Ic(max) : 100mA [BC548], 200mA [BC108]

minimum current gain hFE(min) : 110

Suggested hFE:
hFE(min) > 5 x (Iload/Iinput)
We assume we want to draw a very low current from the RPi GPIO, 
so even with an hFE=110 and drawing only 5mA we can drive 110mA
(over BC548's Ic(max) limit anyway).

The current transistor's I have available at the moment is (ZTX 653): maximum collector current Ic(max) : 2A minimum current gain hFE(min) : 100

The use of a transistor allows the bulk of the driving current to pass through the transistor to ground, with only a small switching current required to be driven from the GPIO pin.

Even transistors have a limited amount of current handling ability, which can be improved by coupling together as a Darlington pair (often available in a single package). Also higher powered switches such as mosfets, and even relays can be driven for higher power requirements.

Calculating Resistors
--- NOTE ---
Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
--- NOTE ---

The value of R1 is similar to before, but since the driving voltage is higher, the same resister will allow more current, thus the LED will be brighter (unless we use a larger resistor).

When the transistor is on the voltage drop is minimal VCE(sat)(90-200mV), so we will just consider the LED voltage drop.

Vcc = 5V
Vled = 2V (I'm using RED)
Iled = 5mA = 0.005A
R1 = (Vcc – Vled)/Iled
   = (5 - 2)/0.005
  = 600ohms (so 560ohm or 680ohm will probably be fine)



The value of R2 unlabled!!!can be determined, as follows:

--- NOTE ---
Calculations may be wrong, still researching at the moment...
--- NOTE ---

There seems to be two possible ways to approach this, one is to work out your required driving current through the collector (Ic) i.e. the driving current of the LED, and the other is to determine it's value from the recommended source current of the GPIO pin (for the RPi, 5mA or less is recommended).

The latter makes most sense to me, but will try both and see how they compare.

Determined by Collector Ic:

Vc = 3.3V
hFE = 110
Ic = 100mA = 0.1A (may as well aim for full load)
R2 = (Vc x hFE) / (5 x Ic)
   = (3.3 x 110) / (5 x 0.1)
   = 726ohms
Although, since we don't need 100mA this resistor can probably be far larger.


Most transistors, require (Vbe) Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage to be around 700mV on the base, to fully switch on the transistor.

Determined by GPIO source current:

Vc = 3.3V
Iout = 5mA = 0.005
Vbe Base Emitter Turn-On Voltage = 0.7V
R2 = (Vc - Vbe) / Iout
   = (3.3 - 0.7) / (0.005)
   = 520ohms

(For reference, if a Darlington pair was used, Vbe would be 1.4V (effectively driving two transistors, so R2 would be 380ohms)).

We can test our calculated values by using a simple prototype circuit, and compare an LED driven directly and through the transistor.

The Software

While the RPi is not available, I can only confirm the TI LaunchPad code works for me.

TI LaunchPad

Sample test code for Basic LEDx8 Test Module (tested on TI MSP430G2553 device).

Basic LEDx8 Test Module input pins 0-7 wired to device Port1:0 to Port1:7, plus GND connection.


Code:

  • main.c - Main calling functions

RPi

The above circuits should work with code similar to that given in (RPi Low-level peripherals#Code examples) section.

References