Mikrobus

From eLinux.org
Revision as of 19:30, 11 May 2020 by Jkridner (talk | contribs) (Greybus Manifest)
Jump to: navigation, search

mikroBUS is a standard specification by MikroElektronika that can be freely used by anyone following the guidelines. It includes SPI, I2C, UART, PWM, ADC, reset, interrupt, and power (3.3V and 5V) connections to common embedded peripherals.

This page is meant to foster discussion within the embedded Linux community on usage of mikroBUS compatible add-on boards, adding mikroBUS sockets to embedded Linux systems, and ways to improve both Linux support for mikroBUS and the mikroBUS standard.

Usage of mikroBUS compatible add-on boards today

Many drivers for mikroBUS add-on boards already exist in the kernel[1], but using them can be a challenge. The most straight-forward method for loading existing drivers is to provide device tree overlay fragments at boot time, which is reasonably supported by mainline Linux. There are some out-of-tree efforts to load device tree overlay fragments at run time or to use the Greybus simulator to generate new instances of the embedded buses used on a mikroBUS socket.

Device tree overlays loaded at boot time

Today, there is no mainline solution for enabling mikroBUS add-on boards at run-time, so they must all be configured at boot-time with device trees[definitions 1].

Instructions for PocketBeagle: https://github.com/beagleboard/pocketbeagle/wiki/Click-boards%E2%84%A2

Example overlay: https://github.com/beagleboard/bb.org-overlays/blob/master/src/arm/PB-I2C2-MPU-9DOF-CLICK.dts

This is the primary mechanism for enumerating device drivers[definitions 2] for mikroBUS add-on boards today. It suffers from the need to maintain a large out-of-tree database for which you'd need an overlay for every mikroBUS add-on board for every Linux system for every mikroBUS socket on that system. Multiplying 1,000 Click boards by the number of BeagleBoard.org boards by the number of sockets supported on each of those boards ends up being a LOT of device tree overlay fragments.

Further, the application of those fragments is rather error-prone and can even result in preventing a system from booting.

Run-time device tree overlays

There are some out-of-tree mechanisms[2] for loading device-tree overlay fragments via ConfigFS.

This patch doesn't apply after 4.14 and is not likely to be accepted in mainline. Mainline doesn't want arbitrary device-tree fragments[3], but there is a chance that this could be considered a "development-only" patch if this is rebased. The solution would allow run-time loading, but would not be automatic and requires authoring of overlay fragments specific to every add-on board, every Linux platform and every mikroBUS socket.

Using Greybus simulator to enable software hotplug support

It is possible to enumerate some device drivers for mikroBUS add-on boards by running the Greybus simulator, gbsim. Instructions for setting up gbsim and more information can be found in a wiki write-up on a GSoC project. This method uses Greybus simulator to load a manifest blob to the kernel greybus driver where the virtual interfaces(SPI/I2C/other) are created.

gbsim manages the transfers between the physical bus/gpio/interrupt and the virtual Greybus interface. Having a userspace application, gbsim, in the middle of the transactions has a performance and security impact.

This approach requires additional platform data[definitions 3] for instantiating device drivers for mikroBUS add-on boards with platform data requirements like reset, interrupt-gpio, and other named-gpio, thus the approach needs more refinements to tackle the issues of instantiating devices with additional platform data requirements. A few approaches to solve this problem are discussed here.

Using Greybus to enumerate drivers for mikroBUS add-on boards has an added advantage of using different transports[definitions 4] which makes it ideal for IoT applications[4]. A transport could be a wired or wireless network, in addition to more flexible embedded busses like Unipro.

Implementation of a mikroBUS socket on an embedded Linux system

Improving Linux support for mikroBUS

Motivation for supporting software hotplug

By supporting hotplug, the time to develop and debug support for various mikroBUS add-on boards can be greatly reduced. Further, it opens up the possibility for support under dynamically instantiated buses such as with Greybus.

Creation of a mikroBUS bus driver in the Linux kernel

This approach does not involve the use of greybus directly but uses the greybus manifests for providing the platform data, it is actually a combination of the Greybus manifest parsing logic combined with the working of Bone Cape Manager used in the previous BB kernels, the Cape Manager used to load the data for a cape from the Device Tree whereas this bus driver[definitions 5] takes the data from the manifest blob passed via the SysFS interface.The Mikrobus port information for the device is parsed from the Device Tree(this information only account for the port information and does not have any click specific information).

Improving the mikroBUS standard for better Linux support

Identifier

Adding an identifier[definitions 6] would provide a way to load the device drivers for a mikroBUS add-on board without the need for manual configuration. By fetching the identifier in the mikroBUS bus driver probe[definitions 7] function, would enable that function to call the probe function in the various device drivers.

Proposal #1: Use Greybus Manifest binaries

  • Module vendor specified separately from driver usage
  • Possibility of using existing driver names for invocation

Proposal #2: Use simple string identifiers

  • Requires table to be kept in kernel
  • Fix-ups would be very direct and not "fix-ups" at all, since no driver specific information would be encoded

Proposal #3: mikroBUS Specific Manifest Binaries

Specifics on power function

The direction and accommodations related to the power pins aren't as specific in the mikroBus standard as with Feather.

Usage of improved mikroBUS support in Linux and mikroBUS standard

Assuming all of the suggestions above are implemented, what would the resulting usage be?

Adding a mikroBUS socket to your Linux system

Once the mikroBUS driver is implemented, the device tree fragment for a particular mikroBUS socket will have a basic structure like this:

mikrobus@f00 {
       #address-cells = <1>;
       #size-cells    = <0>;
       compatible     = "mikroe,mikrobus";
       pinctrl-0      = <&mikrobus0_pins>; /*contains the pin information of the SPI/I2C/UART ports, for pinmux configuration*/
       eeprom         = <&eeprom_phandle>;
       i2c-port       = <&i2cN>;
       spi-port       = <&spiN>;
       uart-port      = <&uartN>;
       int-gpio       = <&gpioN M 0>;
       pwm-gpio       = <&gpioN M 0>;[5]
       rst-gpio       = <&gpioN M 0>;
       status         = "okay";
   };

Adding support for a mikroBUS add-on board to the Linux kernel

mikroBUS add-on board device tree fragment

Assuming we are using a MPU9DOF Click, the device tree fragment would look something like this:

/dts-v1/;
/plugin/;

/ {
	&mikrobus_i2c {
		status = "okay";
		#address-cells = <1>;
		#size-cells = <0>;
		mpu9150@69 {
			compatible = "invensense,mpu9150";
			reg = <0x69>;
			interrupt-parent = <&mikrobus_int>;
			interrupts = <0 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>; /* 0 is the first interrupt signal, next is the type */
			i2c-gate {
				#address-cells = <1>;
				#size-cells = <0>;
				ax8975@c {
					compatible = "ak,ak8975";
					reg = <0x0c>;
				};
			};
		};
	};
};

Because we have a mikroBUS socket defined, the references to bus drivers and gpio drivers are no longer board or socket dependent, so this can be universal for all consumption of this mikroBUS add-on board. Symbols will need help being resolved against the individual mikroBUS instance as they are left generic.[6]

The mikroBUS driver will need to know to make any adjustments to pinmux settings to satisfy the interface needs. Those cannot be handled generically across platforms.

Greybus Manifest

If you are using Greybus to instantiate the embedded buses used for your mikroBUS socket, you'll need to create a Greybus manifest to enumerate those buses to Linux. The Greybus manifest format for a MPU9DOF Click would be a structure like this:

[manifest-header]
version-major = 0
version-minor = 1

[module-descriptor]
vendor = 0xffff
product = 0x0001
version = 1
vendor-string-id = 1
product-string-id = 2
unique-id = 0

; Vendor string (id can't be 0)
[string-descriptor 1]
string = "MikroElektronika"

; Product string (id can't be 0)
[string-descriptor 2]
string = "MPU 9DOF Click"

; Bundle 1
[bundle-descriptor 1]
class = 0x0a
device-driver-descriptor-id = 1

; I2C protocol on CPort 1
[cport-descriptor 1]
bundle = 1
protocol = 0x03

; GPIO protocol on CPort 2
[cport-descriptor 2]
bundle = 1
protocol = 0x02

; Device driver name
[string-descriptor 3]
string = "mpu9150"

; Device driver descriptor
; -- operates on a platform consuming all of the interfaces provided for this bundle
; -- assumes things like IRQ and RESET aligned with Mikrobus specification
[device-driver-descriptor 1]
class = 0x3 ; I2C
address = 0x68 ; Only used for applicable busses
irq = 1 ; Used, IRQ_RISING
reset = 0 ; Not used
device-driver-string-id = 3

If you are using Greybus to instantiate the embedded buses used for your mikroBUS socket, you'll need to create a Greybus manifest to enumerate those buses to Linux. Another example for a manifest in which the mikroBUS driver will replace/substitute a mikroBUS port specific resource is shown below for the OLEDC Click :

[manifest-header]
version-major = 0
version-minor = 1

[module-descriptor]
vendor = 0xffff
product = 0x0001
version = 1
vendor-string-id = 1
product-string-id = 2
unique-id = 0

; Vendor string (id can't be 0)
[string-descriptor 1]
string = "MikroElektronika"

; Product string (id can't be 0)
[string-descriptor 2]
string = "OLEDC Click"

; Bundle 1
[bundle-descriptor 1]
class = 0x0a
device-driver-descriptor-id = 1

; SPI protocol on CPort 1
[cport-descriptor 1]
bundle = 1
protocol = 0x0b

; GPIO string
[string-descriptor 3]
string = "RESET"

; GPIO protocol on CPort 2
[cport-descriptor 2]
bundle = 1
protocol = 0x02
gpio-string-id = 3

; GPIO string
[string-descriptor 4]
string = "PWM"

; GPIO protocol on CPort 3
[cport-descriptor 3]
bundle = 1
protocol = 0x02
gpio-string-id = 4

; Device driver name
[string-descriptor 5]
string = "ssd1351"

; Device display driver properties
; -- For a given class of device driver needing extra properties, the manifest needs to be extended to support
;    a data structure for those properties. This provides me with serious concerns regarding the need to align
;    with kernel version as this isn't part of an standard interface today to the best of my knowledge.
[device-display-driver-descriptor 1]
width=128
height=128
fps=40
regwidth=8
buswidth=8
backlight=2
debug=3

; Device driver descriptor
; -- operates on a platform consuming all of the interfaces provided for this bundle
; -- assumes things like IRQ and RESET aligned with mikroBUS specification
;    . we need some kind of indexing and substitution when these assumptions aren't enough see %GPIO=RESET%
;    . the GPIO string names can be defined by us for mikroBUS and stored as part of the GPIO line namessfa
[device-driver-descriptor 1]
class = 0xb ; SPI -- QUESTION -- should this be a fbtft or drmtiny driver SPI? Which subsystem is called to load the driver?
address = 0 ; Not used
irq = 1 ; Used, IRQ_RISING
reset = 0 ; Not used
device-driver-string-id = 5
device-display-driver-descriptor-id = 1
Classes

I think the only relevant class for us is "BRIDGED_PHY" as we are just connecting the buses that are defined. We might need to come up with a new class though.

Class Index
BRIDGED_PHY 0x0a
Protocols

Here are the relavent prototols:[7]

Protocol Index
Control 0x00
GPIO 0x02
I2C 0x03
UART 0x04
PWM 0x09
SPI 0x0b
ADC N/A

Mikrobus Manifest

The mikroBUS click manifest can be used to describe the devices in a Click Board, the manifest creation tool will be able to read a JSON/YAML manifest source and create the manifest binary blob, the mikroBUS manifest source for MPU9DOF Click would have a structure like this:

JSON Format
{
	"Version": "1.0",
	"Type" : "click",
	"Name" : "mpu9dof",
	"GPIOConfig" : {
			"INT" : "IRQ_RISING"
		},
	"Devices" : [
			{
				"compatible" : "mpu9150",
				"class" : "I2C",
				"address" : "0x68",
				"IRQ" : "INT"
			}
		]
}
YAML Format
---
Version: '1.0'
Type: click
Name: mpu9dof
GPIOConfig:
  INT: IRQ_RISING
Devices:
- compatible: mpu9150
  class: I2C
  address: '0x68'
  IRQ: INT

Another example for a manifest in which the mikroBUS driver will replace/substitute a mikroBUS port specific resource is shown below for the OLEDC Click :

OLEDC Click JSON Format
{
	"Version": "1.0",
	"Type" : "click",
        "Name" : "oledc",
	"GPIOConfig" : {
		"INT" : "HIGH"
	},
 	"Devices" : 
      [
		{
			"Compatible" : "ssd1351",
			"Class" : "SPI",
			"Properties" :
                [
				{
					"Name" : "width",
					"Value" : 128
				},
				{
					"Name" : "height",
					"Value" : 128
				},
        	                {
					"Name" : "fps",
					"Value" : 40
				},
        	                {
					"Name" : "regwidth",
					"Value" : 8
				},
        	                {
					"Name" : "buswidth",
					"Value" : 8
				},
                                {
					"Name" : "backlight",
					"Value" : 2
				},
                                {
					"Name" : "backlight",
					"Value" : 2
				},
                                {
					"Name" : "debug",
					"Value" : 3
				},
                                {
					"Name" : "reset-gpios",
          			        "Replace" : "RST"
				},
                                {
					"Name" : "dc-gpios",
          			        "Replace" : "PWM"
				}
                ]
		}
     ]
}
  • Currently only the GPIO descriptors will need to be replaced by the driver for different ports
  • A name:value interface for the properties will be enabled with the following assumptions (numbers are u32 values, an array of numbers are considered u32 arrays, replace will be modified to name:&reference)
  • Currently manifest supports only inline properties, non-inline properties can be implemented in future to support more clicks if required.
  • Devices field is an array because a single click may have multiple devices in it, say for example the Waveform Click.
  • GPIOConfig field sets up the mikroBUS port so as to take care of GPIO signals (like Enable,Reset on the device) that won't be taken care of by the corresponding device driver.
  • TODO: Manifest Binary Description
mikroBUS Driver Sysfs Entries

The mikroBUS driver provides a few SysFS entries, a few of them are just debug interfaces for loading manifest binaries, adding a mikrobus port dynamically .etc, the sysfs directory structure of the mikroBUS driver is as below:

Mikrobus sysfs Entries.jpg

  • The add_port and del_port under the mikroBUS base directory can be used to supply config for adding/deleting a mikroBUS port dynamically.
  • The new_device entry under the mikrobus adapter is the debug interface for supplying the click manifest to the driver.

The mikroBUS driver also creates necessary symlinks to bring all the devices in a single click together under the same directory under the port(MPU9DOF Click shown as example):

Mikrobussymlinks.jpg

Comparisons to other popular embedded add-on form-factors

The purpose of this page is to advance the development of mikroBUS support in Linux. Some distractions may be introduced to either illustrate the effort cannot be sufficiently limited in scope to tackle or that focus should be elsewhere. I'm not assuming these would be introduced with any ill-will, they are just natural concerns that need to be addressed up-front.

Form-factor Size Comments
mikroBUS 1.0" x 1.125"/1.6"/2.25" Example
Feather/Wing 0.9" x 2.0" De-facto standard based on implementation pin-out. Could benefit from some of the efforts for mikroBUS support, but not as cleanly defined with a limited and focused scope. Not as easy to make an impact on the majority of existing designs.
Arduino/Shield XxY Too irregular to make useful as an embedded system bus.
BeagleBone/Cape XxY Far too flexible for a standard outside of the Beagle ecosystem.

Why should mikroBUS be a bus in the kernel even if these other interfaces aren't?

  • mikroBUS is simple, not requiring the need to overlay arbitrary device trees like Capes or other excessively flexible interfaces defined arbitrary collections of microcontroller pins.
  • mikroBUS a free standard and not an ad-hoc one.
  • Over 750+ Click add-on boards ranging from wireless connectivity clicks to Human Machine Interface clicks, of which more than 100+ clicks already have support in the Linux kernel[8].
  • Over 140+ Development boards supported[9].

Why aren't we opening pandora's box by adding this as a bus in the kernel?

Definitions

  1. Device tree is a data structure describing the hardware components of a particular computer so that the operating system's kernel can use and manage those components. See Device_Tree_Reference.
  2. Device Driver is a software that handles or manages a hardware controller.
  3. Device platform data is data describing the hardware capabilities of your controller hardware
  4. Need definition of transport
  5. Bus drivers maintain a list of devices that are present on all instances of that bus type, and a list of registered drivers
  6. Definition of identifier needed
  7. Probe function starts the per-device initialization: initializing hardware, allocating resources, and registering the device within the kernel

References

  1. MikroEClicks with Linux Support
  2. OF: DT-Overlay configfs interface (v2)
  3. Frank's Evolving Overlay Thoughts
  4. Using Greybus for IoT
  5. TODO: Not sure if PWM GPIO should be specified, but for sure a PWM controller should be.
  6. TODO: How can resolving generic mikroBUS dt symbols to specific socket instance peripherals be made possible?
  7. Protocols can be found in greybus_manifest.h
  8. Click Boards with Driver Support in Linux Kernel
  9. Development boards that support mikroBUS